Method of temporarily repairing electric cables damaged by moisture



April 13, 1948. J. v. wAuLGR-EN ET AL METHOD OF TEMPORARILY REPAIRING ELECTRIC CABLES DAMAGED BY MOISTUREl Filed Feb. 25, 1943 www Em Illllllqlllll Hl mem@ Y.. (h1 .Um AT1-W.

Patented Apr. 13, 1948 METHOD .9E TEMPORARILY BEPM-RING ELECTRJQQABLES DaMlaGEnY M015-,

TUBE

Johan Valdemar Wallgren andDagN-ktor Ljuslin .Lndstrm, Stsekholm, Sweden anplioation February 25, 1943, .Serial No .477,158

The present invention refers to arnethogof temporarily restoring to normal operatie @oodle tionsaoeleotrieealolettllelneulatlon of .ll .has been .damaged t by moisture l19elle.,trateollrlto the cable Core. t

The method is particularly suitable to sheatlfied telephone .and telegraph, signal andother stables eorltainine a substantiarpumbe; orpaner psulated .oonduetora A leak ln the leaellellieath of such .a cable .laidfin swampygroundlwill in .a short timelresult in iaultyinsulati'pn, `The".re- Sultine damage will .otenjerrteafl ao rapidly/that .all `the!oonlllutflrs are putout of, order, 4lar-fore. there has been time .to start repairs of tlieneable.. In such cases the damagedoa'lole seeti is unsu-` ally of such a lenethas to malsean exelaanee ot theeable .Seotlorl necessary. Thuslthe. able Willbe out of order andout `o'ftraitf` durfn he wholetime that repairstake Lpllaee,` v damaged seetion boum be made temporarily trafoable Alieretofore 1 the methods of Yimorovinetherosalation` of Water-elamaeeel oableseetloeSall at the elimination of Watertromthe o loymeane of introduelrle air or :by-

lasulaton with hotparalln- Bot.. thosemetlaoas are, however vto slow that in easesdamage. extends over a lengt. meter2 but `little time; iaaamedty eases of yet ereaterlerlgtllsfor wlleaftlee tablets .tightly pulled jor strung leoth these methods are` praotieally. worthless.

By means. of. the .Present invention thetime required .for temporarily putting' thefealoletinto tremo is outlown to `only a fraction .01. thetme needed for the applleation of anyof .the above mentioned methods..

z'lle ,following description refers to an embodimeot of thepresent. .invention applied to anunflersrourlgl telephone cable of .reeularsizaand Containing, `.for example, a hundred `.rituals for lonevdisltarloe trame.

TheV method aoool'dng to kthe.-llverltion .Conf Slots ill` artificially .exposing the `damaged part ci the `afble, for `exgunple by means. .oiaref-,rla-

era` to a temperature. substantially loelowlthe fr me point of; the penetratedfmoisture.

2. extentof. the damage is established. Then, a heat insulating .casing orsleeve is put around..the faulty cable section, .which casing preferably should eoverabouthalf .a .meter of undamaged eableon eaohside of the leak. The inside ldi-k ameter of the ,casingor .sleeve should he about 3; to centimeters. greater. than the outside `diameter of the. cable. Thespaee between the Voas-v ing .or .sleeve andthe cable can thenloe llecl with Woodstwool which,l however, must not be packed. .nsteadlofwoodrwool.any other heat insulating material vmay be used. .The .end- .openings .oaV theY .casing or .sleeve :are then packed withmeat-insulatingmaterial. .Holes `may be drilledor bored through the insulation .oaslngor sleeyeradially towards the center of the .cableat inter-'x/alsrof,v about half a meter. TIlle holeswl'rili preferably `are .applied `in .Zigag forrrlatlon, should `not be greater than. thenozzle, of. thein: jector which is to be used for the introduction of. a refrigerant. Through .theseholes alerigerant,.vf.or example liquid oarloomdioxide, liquid air .orany othersuitalole. substance of low .temf perature is` thenrblown into.. the insulatln s1 eye around .the taule, thebegiuning preferably; bem; made at therndclleof-the .casing or Sleat/e.. .If liquidcarbon dioxide. is .usadas rerlee.realty` .about llkilcgram .should be introduced into .eaclefnole Thisquantity lvllill:besuiicentto lltne spaee between the cable and the casing or sleeyelwith soficalled .Dry Les, because, uponinjectlonthe linlid.` carbon dioxide l immediately freezes to sola due .to its .exnaasionlafter Jean/lne .the

nozzle of; the .injector .The` time `required. for this operation amounts to .about 15 seconds for eachhole. In about hal-f an hour thelwhole. cable willas a rule be in operating `order and` remain in suchastate for; 12 tol5 hoursproyided thehealtf insulation is good. l

.Instead ofl injecting a. liquid refrigerante solid refrigerant,4 for exampleocar-.bon dioxide, sorcalled Dry Icemaybedireotly.packed between the .cable or thecable core and the casing orsleeve.

.In .performing the'` method according to .l `the present invention@ deyioezoanzbe used as. illus: tratod` in the'accompanying. drawing, in` which:

Fig. nl represents. a longitudinal `yertical sec:

tion lof a; heat .insulating`` sleeye aroundV a` faulty Gable.

Fig. 2 represents a cross section of the sleeve in only partly closed position :around the cable.

Fig. 3 represents a cross section of the same sleeve in place around the cable, said crosssection being taken on line A-A in Fig. 1.

Fig. 4 shows another embodiment of the invention, according to which a gaseous refrigerant is blown through a faulty cable from one cable pit to another.

In Fig. 1 there is shown a casing or sleeve l of heat insulating material, for example corrugated air containing pasted layers of container board, cardboard or of other fibrous board or pulp composition. Corrugated pasted paper or pulp composition should preferably be impregnated with some moistureproong compound. i

Instead of paper or pulp composite materia with enclosed air, any other heat insulating material can be used, for example asbestos, rock Wool, glass wool and the like.

The sleeve can be made in two halves G and l as shown in Figs. 2 and 3, said halves beingV united sleeve end sections a ring 3 of the s-ame material as the sleeve proper or a. ring 4 of some hardly packed fibrous material, for example 'wood-wool,4

glass-wool or asbestos, is placed so as to snugly tbetween sleeve l and the cable core.

Each sleeve is provided with' holes 5 at about 1 foot or 30 centimeters apart and distributed in zig-zag or spirally :around the outside circumference of the sleeve. Each hole is located from, for

example, 90 to 180 from the previous and from the succeeding hole. 'Ihese holes serve to receive a nozzle for the injection of a liquid or gaseous refrigerant into the space I between the sleeve and the cable core.

TheV interior of the sleeve can be provided with a porous and fluffy substance, for example cotton, wood wool or the like, which preferably is formed in the shop and pasted to the interior of the sleeve halves, so that when clasped around th'e cable core a snug t of very fibrous, porous material exists between the cable core and the sleeve. Of course the porous material can be put in place immediately before using the sleeve at the place of trouble.

Whenthe refrigerant is injected through the holes 5, the refrigerant upon expansion is distributed in the porous material I0 and freezes to solidv ice around the cable core. The porous fibers materially help the liquid or gaseous in'- jected refrigerant to solidify at a rapid rate.

After the injection, the holes 5 can be closed with a plug or pasted over to prevent cold to escape. Y V

If solid refrigerant, for example solid air or carbon dioxide, is easily available, the holes 5 are not necessary. In such a case the solid and fluffy refrigerant is directly, by means of a big spoon, distributed in th'e two halves of the sleeve and well packed around the cable and the fibrous material I0, whereafter the two sleeve halves are closed and held together by means of tape.

' As an illustration of traffic time gained by the use of the present method the following average 4 times are given for the different operations in a case like the above mentioned:

- Hours 1. Localisation of the damage at the exchange 1 2. Time for arriving at the section damaged l 3. Time to dig up two splices 0.5

4. Time to open the splices and carry out close measurements 1 5. Time to dig up and raise 10 meters of cable 1 6. Examination of cable, showing 5 meters to be damaged 0.5 7. Time to dig up further length of cable and making preparations for substituting section 1.5 8. Splicing of the new cable 10 Total 16.5

During this time all conductors in the cable are, however, assumed not to have been out of order. supposing th'at the first conductors of a communication are out of order at the beginning-of the localisation of the trouble, and that all conductors are out of order at the end of the said localisation, and that the connections or communications are successively reestabli-shed during the splicing of the cable section, the average time for the total interruption of traffic will be 1l hours.

In case the present method had been applied immediately after Working item 6, all the vconductors would have been in operation an hour later, and the total time of traffic interruption would have been limited to 5.5 hours.

The working items '7 and 8, of which item 8 represents a heavy loss of time, could, thus, have been executed while all the respective cable conductors were available for traino.

The invention refers also to paper or otherwise insulated cables in local underground plants, particularly when such cables are located in conduits between accessible cable pits. If, for example the insulation in a heavy cable of 1000 or more conductors is getting damaged, the street is generally not dug up, and when the damage is located between two cable pits, the faulty cable is generally removed and a new cable section is pulled in and connected instead. Such replacement involves a heavy loss of time, and in the meantimehundreds and perhaps thousands of local stations or trunk lines are out of order.

Fig, 4 shows an embodiment of the invention, according to which the method is applied to cables in underground conduits between splices in ordinary cable pits, with'out the necessity of digging up the ground at the spot of trouble. A

The procedure is then the following. Holes I8 and I9 are made in the lead sheath of the out-oforder cable at each cable pit. In one pitn I4 a gaseous cooling medium, for example dry cold air, liquid air evaporated, liquid or solid carbon dioxide evaporated, or a mixture of air and any of the above mentioned refrigerants, is introduced under pressure through the said hole and conducted along and around the core of the section of the faulty cable I2, whereby the previously ex,- isting air in the cable is blown off through the hole I9 at th'e other cable pit. If the trouble has been located before the cable is lled with water the dry cold air or gas passing through the moistened insulation will freeze the moisture in said' insulation and thus restore the insulation to traf-v c operating values. Y

Even anni@ :trocb1e-is-neavyana f-uie cable s is temperaturecan'be:pumpedfinfrom both sides rif-ther damaged `section .through 'the holes l in'v` the respective cable-pits. Insuch a case the air can escapeV through the leak f3 in the lead sh'eath Vat the place Lof trouble, and the water at l' the place of troublefwillgradually'freezeito so1id'ice, as the gas bubblesfpassthroughit, thusrestoring the insulation resistance toY normal.

In order not to loose pressure to other sections of the cable, it is convenient Vprevicmsly to the injection of a cold gas to applyin known Way compound.` plugs I 6 'and' l'l` of,y for example, parafn and beeswax to the adjacent sections of the cableinorder to prevent thec'ooling mediuin'extending tosectionsnot'wanted.

vIf `theliquid 'air-'or liquid :carbon dioxide .is stored in portable receptacles f and ..22 under high pressure, Ythenecessary reduction valves 12| and 23 should-beso dimensi'oned' that the correct temperature of the gas or of the mixture of gas and ordinary cold air is obtained without ice being formed at th'e valve openings.

In this embodiment of the invention no casing or sleeve around the cable at the place of trouble is needed, because the cold gas is introduced directly around the core of the cable and the outside lead sheath serves as insulating sleeve or casing.

As soon as the insulating resistance has risen to normal values and traffic has been restored, a new cable section can be laid and spliced at the respective pits without further interruption of traffic.

The invention is not limited to long distance or local telephone or telegraph cables herein described, but can be applied to all kinds of electrical cables, power cables included,

In the case of power cables the splicing can generally not be made under tension, but service can nevertheless be maintained for longer or shorter periods of time, particularly if a new cable has to be put in instead of the damaged one, during which time and during the preparation of splicing the frozen cable will maintain a valuable service.

Thus, the method according to this invention makes possible a total resumption of traflic, which has been interrupted on account of Idamaged insulation, in about half the time requiredby the methods used heretofore. Especially in the case of damages due to moisture in the expensive long distance cables transmitting toll telephone and telegraph traffic, lots of money can be saved by applying the present method of freezing the cable. I

Ihe present method should be particularly suitable to clear quickly troubles of the kind described in aerial cables which are very frequently exposed to traic interruptions, due to repeated swinging and movements of the cables when heavy wind is blowing,

Apart from the gain in time and money in reestablishing interrupted long distance traffic, there are other advantages that hardly` can be estimated in money, such as the facilitation of official communications which are of the utmost 6 scri-bed embodiments Vwithrnit abandon-ing' the general idea of the invention.

Ha/ving' new particularly described and ascertained the `=nanfuree of our said .invention 'and in what imafinerthe-fsaine is` to be performed, -we declare that what We claim is:

l. Thermethodf temporarily restoring tOnormal` operating valuethe insulating resistance of conductors insulated with iibrous material in electric: metal`sheathedl cables outo'f' order dueto moisturel having penetrated intofsaid fibrous materialitlirough a leakin-the cable sheath, which method consists'in removing the outside "cable sheath frni the-"damagedpart of the Gablean'd diie'ctlir :exposing the said f moistened fibrous insulating material -to -a solid refrigerant `of a' ternperature #substantially below the `freeiirig fpoint of 'the penetrated moisture.

I 12. method of tennclorarily` restoring-tol normal `oper-ating lvalue `the insulation fresistancef conductors ina metal-sheathed electric cablejout of order dueto-moisture having' penetrated into the insulation of said conductors through a leak in the cable sheath, Which method consists in removing the outside cable sheath from the damaged part of the cable and applying solid carbon dioxide to the thus exposed cable core free from the cable sheath and to the said insulation.

3. The method of temporarily restoring to normal operating value the insulation resistance of conductors in a metal-sheathed electric cable out of order due to moisture having penetrated through a leak in the cable sheath into the insulation of the conductors, which method consists in removing the outside cable sheath from the damaged part of the cable, applying a heat insulating sleeve around the thus exposed cable core free from the cable sheath, and applying between the cable core and the said heat insulating sleeve a refrigerant which enters into contact with the moistened insulation of the conductors in the form of a solid having a temperature substantially below that of the freezing point of the said penetrated moisture.

4. The method of temporarily restoring to normal operating values the insulation resistance of electrical conductors of a metal-sheathed communication cable out of order due to moisture having penetrated through a leak in the lcable sheath, which method consists in removing the outside cable sheath from the damaged part of the cable, applying a brous and porous substance around the damaged cable core free from the cable sheath, and injecting a compressed fluid refrigerant into said fibrous and porous substance and into the cable core, in order upon solidication by expansion of said compressed refrigerant to expose the said penetrated moisture to a temperature below its freezing point..

5. The method of temporarily restoring to normal operating values the insulation resistance of conductors of a metal-sheathed electrical cable out of order due to moisture having penetrated through a leak in the cablesheath, which consists in removing the outside cable sheath from the damaged part of the cable, applying a brous, porous and heat-insulating substance around the damaged cable core, applying a heat insulating casing, provided with holes radially directed to\ wards the cable core, around said brous and porous heat-insulating substance, and injecting successively through said holes a compressed fluid refrigerant into said fibrous andV porous substance around and into the cable core for the solidication of said compressed fluid refrigerant upon expansion of same into the said porous substance and cable core.

6. The method of temporarily restoring to normal operating value the insulation resistance of the conductors of a metal-sheathed electric ycable out of order due to moisture having penetrated through a leak in the cable sheath, which method consists in removing the outside sheath from the damaged part of the cable, applying around the thus exposed cable core a heat insulating casing of an inner diameter greater than the outer diameter of the core, and applying ajsolid refrigerant between the cable core and said casing, in order to freeze said penetrated moisture.

7. t The method of temporarily restoring to normal operating value the insulation resistance of the lconductors of a metal-sheathed electric cable out of order due to moisture having penetrated through a leak in the cable sheath, which method consists in removing the outside cable sheath from the damaged part of the cable, applying a.

fibrous and porous substance around the said REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date Re. 11,865 Tesla Oct. 23, 1900 1,613,725 Sabin Jan. 11, 1927 1,707,324 Schlecker Apr. 2, 1929 1,734,209 Huii'ine Nov. 5, 1929 2,320,506 Bennett et al. June 1, 1943 

